tripolar neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact  (Neuro Probe)

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Monopolar and bipolar macroelectrodes. A: a microelectrode and one macroelectrode contact (Neuroprobe, AlphaOmega Engineering, Nazareth, Israel). The electrode consists of a concentric external polyamide-coated stainless steel cannula. The bottom of the stainless steel cannula is the noninsulated macroelectrode contact (1 mm (+0.5/−0.2 mm) length and 0.56 mm diameter). The internal tungsten microelectrode with a 25- to 50-µm tip protrudes centrally a further 3 ± 0.5 mm past the noninsulated macroelectrode. B: a microelectrode and two macroelectrode contacts (Tripolar Neuroprobe, AlphaOmega Engineering, Nazareth, Israel). In this electrode, each macroelectrode contact is 0.5 ± 0.1 mm in length. The first macroelectrode is located 3 ± 0.5 mm above the microelectrode tip with a 0.48-mm diameter and the second electrode is located 4 ± 0.5 mm above the microelectrode tip with a 0.71-mm diameter.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 μm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: An example of two Tripolar Neuroprobe recordings. A typical example of one trajectory with two Tripolar Neuroprobe electrodes moving simultaneously along the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis. The electrodes are separated horizontally by 2 mm: the left column is data recorded by the first electrode; the right column is data recorded by the second electrode (2 mm anterior to the first electrode). The depth indicates the location on the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis. The red line marks the entry to the STN. A: normalized root mean square (nRMS) of the spiking activity from the microelectrode recordings. The x-axis is the location along the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis starting 10 mm before the STN center (per imaging) and given as the estimated distance to target. The red line marks the automatic detection of entry into the STN based on the spiking activity of the microelectrode recordings. B: spectrograms of spiking activity from the microelectrode recordings after full wave rectification. C: spectrograms of LFP microelectrode recordings after 1/F (α = 1) correction. D: spectrograms of spiking activity recorded by the macroelectrode after full wave rectification. The red line marks the STN entry of the distal macroelectrode contact that was defined 3 mm after entry in the microelectrode. E: spectrograms of LFP macroelectrode recordings from the distal contact after 1/F (α = 1) correction. F: spectrograms of LFPs differential (Diff) bipolar macroelectrode recordings after 1/F (α = 1) correction. The red line marks the STN entry of the distal macroelectrode contact that was defined as 3 mm after entry in the microelectrode. The power is presented in 10log10 scale in all subplots. Freq, frequency.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 μm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Imaging

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Power spectral density (PSD) along the trajectory and its average spectrum outside and inside the STN. Top row: median population spectrogram as a function of depth (the location on the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis). The depth “0” represents the entry to the STN on the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis of the STN. Bottom row: the median power spectrum in the white matter (WM) outside the STN (blue line with shadow, median ± standard error of median) and inside the STN (red line with shadow, median ± standard error of median). The depths taken for the median spectrum are marked in red (STN) and blue (WM) lines under the PSD. A: microelectrode spiking activity (n = 56) after full wave rectification as a function of location on the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis (3 mm before and after entering the STN. B: macroelectrode spiking activity (n = 48), conventions as in A: C: monopolar microelectrode LFP (n = 56). The power is 1/F corrected (α = 1). D: monopolar macroelectrode LFP (n = 48). The power is 1/F corrected (α = 1). E: bipolar-macroelectrode LFP recordings (n = 11). The power is 1/F corrected (α = 1). The average spectrum (lower row) was taken from depths of 1–2.5 mm after entry to the STN in B, D, and E.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 μm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Average beta power (12–35 Hz) microelectrode spiking activity, monopolar macroelectrode LFPs, and bipolar macroelectrode LFPs along the STN trajectory. A: solid lines with shadow are the median ± standard error of median beta power along the STN trajectory 3 mm before and after entrance to the STN, of microelectrode spiking activity (n = 56), monopolar macroelectrode LFP (n = 48), and bipolar macroelectrode LFP (n = 11); 0 represents entry into the STN, automatically detected from the spiking activity of the microelectrode. The beta power was Z-scored by the activity of the recording locations before entering the STN (3 mm to 1 mm prior). The LFP signal is 1/F corrected with α = 1. B: relative (to the total power at each recording site) beta power along the STN trajectory. Same conventions as in A except normalization of the power by the averaged power of 1–200 Hz. The macroelectrode LFP signal was filtered in the range of 3–200 Hz.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 μm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Predicted vs. actual outside-inside correlation values Each correlation (Cor) value is the average cross-correlation at lag zero (c.l.z.) values of all “WM-STN” recording locations from one trajectory. The WM-STN means the recording locations along the trajectory when one of the parallel electrodes is in the white matter outside the STN (WM) and the other is inside the STN (STN). The correlation coefficient (c.c.) values and the slopes were calculated after a Fisher Z-transform. The dashed red line is plotted to enable comparison of the regression line slope to slope = 1 line. A: microelectrode spiking activity. B: macroelectrode spiking activity. C: microelectrode LFPs. D: macroelectrode LFPs. In the inset the values are represented in Fisher Z-transform to enable a better stretch of the values (since the values are distorted by the truncated range). The number of trajectories with paired electrodes is given in each subplot. Outlier pairs of electrodes were excluded.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 μm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques: Comparison, Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Monopolar and bipolar macroelectrodes. A: a microelectrode and one macroelectrode contact (Neuroprobe, AlphaOmega Engineering, Nazareth, Israel). The electrode consists of a concentric external polyamide-coated stainless steel cannula. The bottom of the stainless steel cannula is the noninsulated macroelectrode contact (1 mm (+0.5/−0.2 mm) length and 0.56 mm diameter). The internal tungsten microelectrode with a 25- to 50-µm tip protrudes centrally a further 3 ± 0.5 mm past the noninsulated macroelectrode. B: a microelectrode and two macroelectrode contacts (Tripolar Neuroprobe, AlphaOmega Engineering, Nazareth, Israel). In this electrode, each macroelectrode contact is 0.5 ± 0.1 mm in length. The first macroelectrode is located 3 ± 0.5 mm above the microelectrode tip with a 0.48-mm diameter and the second electrode is located 4 ± 0.5 mm above the microelectrode tip with a 0.71-mm diameter.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 µm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: An example of two Tripolar Neuroprobe recordings. A typical example of one trajectory with two Tripolar Neuroprobe electrodes moving simultaneously along the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis. The electrodes are separated horizontally by 2 mm: the left column is data recorded by the first electrode; the right column is data recorded by the second electrode (2 mm anterior to the first electrode). The depth indicates the location on the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis. The red line marks the entry to the STN. A: normalized root mean square (nRMS) of the spiking activity from the microelectrode recordings. The x-axis is the location along the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis starting 10 mm before the STN center (per imaging) and given as the estimated distance to target. The red line marks the automatic detection of entry into the STN based on the spiking activity of the microelectrode recordings. B: spectrograms of spiking activity from the microelectrode recordings after full wave rectification. C: spectrograms of LFP microelectrode recordings after 1/F (α = 1) correction. D: spectrograms of spiking activity recorded by the macroelectrode after full wave rectification. The red line marks the STN entry of the distal macroelectrode contact that was defined 3 mm after entry in the microelectrode. E: spectrograms of LFP macroelectrode recordings from the distal contact after 1/F (α = 1) correction. F: spectrograms of LFPs differential (Diff) bipolar macroelectrode recordings after 1/F (α = 1) correction. The red line marks the STN entry of the distal macroelectrode contact that was defined as 3 mm after entry in the microelectrode. The power is presented in 10log10 scale in all subplots. Freq, frequency.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 µm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Imaging

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Power spectral density (PSD) along the trajectory and its average spectrum outside and inside the STN. Top row: median population spectrogram as a function of depth (the location on the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis). The depth “0” represents the entry to the STN on the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis of the STN. Bottom row: the median power spectrum in the white matter (WM) outside the STN (blue line with shadow, median ± standard error of median) and inside the STN (red line with shadow, median ± standard error of median). The depths taken for the median spectrum are marked in red (STN) and blue (WM) lines under the PSD. A: microelectrode spiking activity (n = 56) after full wave rectification as a function of location on the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis (3 mm before and after entering the STN. B: macroelectrode spiking activity (n = 48), conventions as in A: C: monopolar microelectrode LFP (n = 56). The power is 1/F corrected (α = 1). D: monopolar macroelectrode LFP (n = 48). The power is 1/F corrected (α = 1). E: bipolar-macroelectrode LFP recordings (n = 11). The power is 1/F corrected (α = 1). The average spectrum (lower row) was taken from depths of 1–2.5 mm after entry to the STN in B, D, and E.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 µm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Average beta power (12–35 Hz) microelectrode spiking activity, monopolar macroelectrode LFPs, and bipolar macroelectrode LFPs along the STN trajectory. A: solid lines with shadow are the median ± standard error of median beta power along the STN trajectory 3 mm before and after entrance to the STN, of microelectrode spiking activity (n = 56), monopolar macroelectrode LFP (n = 48), and bipolar macroelectrode LFP (n = 11); 0 represents entry into the STN, automatically detected from the spiking activity of the microelectrode. The beta power was Z-scored by the activity of the recording locations before entering the STN (3 mm to 1 mm prior). The LFP signal is 1/F corrected with α = 1. B: relative (to the total power at each recording site) beta power along the STN trajectory. Same conventions as in A except normalization of the power by the averaged power of 1–200 Hz. The macroelectrode LFP signal was filtered in the range of 3–200 Hz.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 µm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Predicted vs. actual outside-inside correlation values Each correlation (Cor) value is the average cross-correlation at lag zero (c.l.z.) values of all “WM-STN” recording locations from one trajectory. The WM-STN means the recording locations along the trajectory when one of the parallel electrodes is in the white matter outside the STN (WM) and the other is inside the STN (STN). The correlation coefficient (c.c.) values and the slopes were calculated after a Fisher Z-transform. The dashed red line is plotted to enable comparison of the regression line slope to slope = 1 line. A: microelectrode spiking activity. B: macroelectrode spiking activity. C: microelectrode LFPs. D: macroelectrode LFPs. In the inset the values are represented in Fisher Z-transform to enable a better stretch of the values (since the values are distorted by the truncated range). The number of trajectories with paired electrodes is given in each subplot. Outlier pairs of electrodes were excluded.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 µm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Monopolar and bipolar macroelectrodes. A: a microelectrode and one macroelectrode contact (Neuroprobe, AlphaOmega Engineering, Nazareth, Israel). The electrode consists of a concentric external polyamide-coated stainless steel cannula. The bottom of the stainless steel cannula is the noninsulated macroelectrode contact (1 mm (+0.5/−0.2 mm) length and 0.56 mm diameter). The internal tungsten microelectrode with a 25- to 50-µm tip protrudes centrally a further 3 ± 0.5 mm past the noninsulated macroelectrode. B: a microelectrode and two macroelectrode contacts (Tripolar Neuroprobe, AlphaOmega Engineering, Nazareth, Israel). In this electrode, each macroelectrode contact is 0.5 ± 0.1 mm in length. The first macroelectrode is located 3 ± 0.5 mm above the microelectrode tip with a 0.48-mm diameter and the second electrode is located 4 ± 0.5 mm above the microelectrode tip with a 0.71-mm diameter.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 μm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: An example of two Tripolar Neuroprobe recordings. A typical example of one trajectory with two Tripolar Neuroprobe electrodes moving simultaneously along the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis. The electrodes are separated horizontally by 2 mm: the left column is data recorded by the first electrode; the right column is data recorded by the second electrode (2 mm anterior to the first electrode). The depth indicates the location on the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis. The red line marks the entry to the STN. A: normalized root mean square (nRMS) of the spiking activity from the microelectrode recordings. The x-axis is the location along the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis starting 10 mm before the STN center (per imaging) and given as the estimated distance to target. The red line marks the automatic detection of entry into the STN based on the spiking activity of the microelectrode recordings. B: spectrograms of spiking activity from the microelectrode recordings after full wave rectification. C: spectrograms of LFP microelectrode recordings after 1/F (α = 1) correction. D: spectrograms of spiking activity recorded by the macroelectrode after full wave rectification. The red line marks the STN entry of the distal macroelectrode contact that was defined 3 mm after entry in the microelectrode. E: spectrograms of LFP macroelectrode recordings from the distal contact after 1/F (α = 1) correction. F: spectrograms of LFPs differential (Diff) bipolar macroelectrode recordings after 1/F (α = 1) correction. The red line marks the STN entry of the distal macroelectrode contact that was defined as 3 mm after entry in the microelectrode. The power is presented in 10log10 scale in all subplots. Freq, frequency.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 μm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Imaging

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Power spectral density (PSD) along the trajectory and its average spectrum outside and inside the STN. Top row: median population spectrogram as a function of depth (the location on the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis). The depth “0” represents the entry to the STN on the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis of the STN. Bottom row: the median power spectrum in the white matter (WM) outside the STN (blue line with shadow, median ± standard error of median) and inside the STN (red line with shadow, median ± standard error of median). The depths taken for the median spectrum are marked in red (STN) and blue (WM) lines under the PSD. A: microelectrode spiking activity (n = 56) after full wave rectification as a function of location on the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis (3 mm before and after entering the STN. B: macroelectrode spiking activity (n = 48), conventions as in A: C: monopolar microelectrode LFP (n = 56). The power is 1/F corrected (α = 1). D: monopolar macroelectrode LFP (n = 48). The power is 1/F corrected (α = 1). E: bipolar-macroelectrode LFP recordings (n = 11). The power is 1/F corrected (α = 1). The average spectrum (lower row) was taken from depths of 1–2.5 mm after entry to the STN in B, D, and E.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 μm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Average beta power (12–35 Hz) microelectrode spiking activity, monopolar macroelectrode LFPs, and bipolar macroelectrode LFPs along the STN trajectory. A: solid lines with shadow are the median ± standard error of median beta power along the STN trajectory 3 mm before and after entrance to the STN, of microelectrode spiking activity (n = 56), monopolar macroelectrode LFP (n = 48), and bipolar macroelectrode LFP (n = 11); 0 represents entry into the STN, automatically detected from the spiking activity of the microelectrode. The beta power was Z-scored by the activity of the recording locations before entering the STN (3 mm to 1 mm prior). The LFP signal is 1/F corrected with α = 1. B: relative (to the total power at each recording site) beta power along the STN trajectory. Same conventions as in A except normalization of the power by the averaged power of 1–200 Hz. The macroelectrode LFP signal was filtered in the range of 3–200 Hz.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 μm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Local vs. volume conductance activity of field potentials in the human subthalamic nucleus

doi: 10.1152/jn.00756.2016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Predicted vs. actual outside-inside correlation values Each correlation (Cor) value is the average cross-correlation at lag zero (c.l.z.) values of all “WM-STN” recording locations from one trajectory. The WM-STN means the recording locations along the trajectory when one of the parallel electrodes is in the white matter outside the STN (WM) and the other is inside the STN (STN). The correlation coefficient (c.c.) values and the slopes were calculated after a Fisher Z-transform. The dashed red line is plotted to enable comparison of the regression line slope to slope = 1 line. A: microelectrode spiking activity. B: macroelectrode spiking activity. C: microelectrode LFPs. D: macroelectrode LFPs. In the inset the values are represented in Fisher Z-transform to enable a better stretch of the values (since the values are distorted by the truncated range). The number of trajectories with paired electrodes is given in each subplot. Outlier pairs of electrodes were excluded.

Article Snippet: The surface areas of the electrodes are 80–550 μm 2 (80–550×10 −6 mm 2 ) for the microelectrode tip; 0.9500–1.3019 mm 2 for the Neuroprobe macroelectrode contact; 0.7841–1.0857 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe distal macroelectrode contact; 0.8935–1.3402 mm 2 for the Tripolar Neuroprobe proximal macroelectrode contact.

Techniques: Comparison, Activity Assay